Improving The Changing Societal Norms Of Operations...

Productivity - ‘Check’; Efficiency - ‘Check’; Standardization - ‘Check’; Reverse Logistics Introduction Manufacturing and Services has undergone many changes and has evolved tremendously over the years. The evolution is primarily due to dynamic market place which changes according to changing societal norms. Operations management is the result of interplay between these two, (ever changing market and society) and in the process, adopted many new trends practices to serve the changing societal demands. Thus, understanding of Operations in yesteryears is essential to anticipate what beckons for it in the future. History of Operations The modern operations origin can be traced to the Industrial Revolution which began around 1770s in England. In its initial years only one person was responsible for production of goods from start to finish and systems were not very developed; modern machines were not available. 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Leadership Styles Of Women And Men - 1713 Words

According to the Business Dictionary (2015), leadership is defined as the management staff that typically provides inspiration, objectives, operational oversight, and other administrative services to a business. Effective leadership can help prioritize objectives for subordinates and can provide guidance toward achieving the overall corporate vision. Both definitions are gender-free; however, in both cases, the leader is typically male. As women increasingly enter leadership roles that traditionally are occupied by men, the possibility that the leadership styles of women and men differ continues to attract attention. Whether these gender differences exist in the way in which they communicate, influence, or lead, men and women have always been viewed as different and unique sets of people. Women have faced challenges to leadership since the beginning of time. 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Jacques Louis David French Painter Essay Example For Students

Jacques Louis David French Painter Essay Jacques Louis David was a highly influential French painter in the neoclassical style, considered to be one of the most prominent of his time. In the late 1780s, his celebrated historical paintings marked a drastic change from the Rococo style of love and affection to the neoclassical style of moral behavior and virtue. Such new themes in paintings were a result of writings by academic scholars such as Denis, Diderot, and Winckelmann. David proved to be more than just a history painter though, as he was also one of the well-known leaders of the Jacobin party in the French Revolution. It was events leading up to the revolution that began David on his journey of political propaganda in artwork that set him apart from other artists of his time. This use of propaganda would ultimately lead to his eventual imprisonment on multiple occasions, although he never would face the guillotine as many others would. In fact, after the Reign of Terror, of which David was a major promoter, Davids influential propaganda painting abilities helped him not only receive recognition, but commissions from Napoleon Bonaparte, the rising leader of The Consulate. The focus of these paintings would not be on political revolution however, but instead on peace and acceptance of the new government in France. Nevertheless, Davids use of propaganda around the time of the French Revolution through history paintings had a major impact on the way in which art developed during the neoclassical period. Perhaps one of Davids most famous works, The Oath of the Horatii, was an influential painting in the neoclassical era for many artists and was also equally important to a troubled French society prepared for revolution. The historical background of David and the development of the Oath of the Horatii demonstrate not only how influential David was to the developing neoclassical art at the time but also how significant he was in starting the French Revolution. Jacques Louis David was born on August 30, 1748. His family was generally well-to-do and enjoyed a comfortable living. However, when he was just nine years old his father was killed in a dual. 1 Soon after the incident, David was sent away by his mother to live with his wealthy uncles, hoping he could enjoy a better living. Trained in architecture, they sent David to the College des Quatre Nation, part of the University of France, in order to pursue his education and become an architect. However, architecture bored David and because of this he neglected his studies. In addition to this, David had also been injured in a sword fight when he was younger and suffered a speech impediment from a gash that he had received in his cheek. 2 This caused David to be less social and more independent from the rest of the students at the University. Nevertheless, David was constantly drawing in school filling up his class notes with sketches and drawings of various subjects. David was convinced that he wanted to pursue a career as an artist despite others who discouraged him. He eventually went to live with Francois Boucher, a distant relative of his mothers side. Boucher was amongst the most famous painters in France at the time with his painting The Gracious Shepherd (1736-39), which won him much recognition as its amorous and sensual themes evoked great pleasure to the aristocracy and upper class (Figure 1). Although Boucher painted Rococo in subject matter, his style gave way to much more of a classical approach. Boucher was not responsible for training David as he instead sent him to learn from Joseph Marie Vien (1716-1809), a lesser known painter who embraced the classical reaction to Rococo. After studying at the College des Quatre Nations, David then pursued an education at the French Royal Academy. During this time he would stay with Michel Jean Sedaine (1719-1797), a well-known playwright. This was a crucial and beneficial period for David as he was able to learn and mingle with other artists of his time. David was not generally recognized for his talents at the academy initially, as he won no awards or scholarships and this angered him because he knew of his potential. Finally, in 1774, after four failed attempts, David won the Prix-de-Rome which allowed him free travel to Rome, where he would study at the French Academy there. Davids trouble with winning the award was solely due to Vien, who decided the victor every year. He chose not to pick David initially because other artists who had been attempting to win for years took priority. Vien believed David needed to wait and earn his turn4. Nevertheless, Davids trip to Rome proved to be initially difficult for him. He was exposed to all of the classical painting, art, and sculpture that was beginning to gain strength. Davids training as a Rococo artist initially caused him to dismiss the classical antiquity that was apparent in Roman art and architecture. However, as he stayed longer he became increasingly interested in the work of the Roman artist Antonio de Correggio (1489-1534) and his fresco paintings in the Parma cathedral (Figure 2). 5 This caused David to question his training as a Rococo artist and become increasingly interested in classical art. Fortunately for David he arrived at a time when many artists were practicing and introducing Neoclassical ideas into their artwork. During his stay in Rome, David mainly focused on drawing. One contemporary artist of the time, Gavin Hamilton (1723-1798), had a profound impact on Davids practice of adding contour to his drawings. 6 Contour is simply the outline that is traced over an object or figure and many enlightenment thinkers such as Winckelmann believed this was the road that would lead to the greatest artistic expression. Hamiltons Death of Lucretia (1760, Figure 3) was certainly an inspiration to David when looking for direction on contour and even more critical when attempting to paint his Oath of the Horatii. Nevertheless, Hamilton was also able to invoke in David an interest for Homeric subject matter. 8 Due to this David would complete his drawing The Combat of Diomedes and Minerva (1777, Figure 4). A drawing depicting a number of incidents from the Trojan War, Diomedes was a character from Homers Iliad who fought alongside Achilles against the Trojans. He was favored by the Greek goddess Athena, who in Davids image is the Roman equivalent to Minerva. Nevertheless, the drawing of Diomedes was useful in the sense that it aided David in familiarizing himself with Italian art and its classical tradition. David also found inspiration for frieze-like characters from the Column of Trajan (Figure 5), a triumphal column in Rome that commemorates the Emperor Trajan and his victories in the Dacian Wars (c. 86-87 A. D. ). Davids close attention to detail in his figures was derived from this column and this is how David brought his images to life. However, this was not the only work that gave David influence. There were many others such as Michelangelos Ignudi (1477, Figure 6) in the Sistine Chapel and Guilio Romanos Battle of Constantine (1570s, Figure 7) from the Vatican. 9 Nevertheless, while in Rome, David was also able to study and analyze the methods of Raphael and Caravaggio. Caravaggism was actually its own historical style that was characterized by chiaroscuro: the use of light and dark to create clear tonal contrasts. 0 He was also able to absorb the effects that were characterized by the discovery of the ruins of Herculaneum and Pompeii (two Roman cities destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius). A conclusion from all of this is that it can be seen that Roman art was an influential force in Davids life that was responsible and helpful in his dynamic switch from Rococo painter to neoclassical artist. When returning to Paris, David was able to evoke and use a lot of the skills and techniques that he had learned while traveling on the Prix-de-Rome. David even began to decorate his studio with objects from classical antiquity and began requiring all of his students to learn and speak Latin. It was at this time that David would receive a royal commission for a work depicting Hector (a Horatii brother) condemned to death for the murder of his sister Camilla, while being defended by his father the moment at which the lictors (policeman) are about to arrest him. Livy originally told the story that would soon be the inspiration for Davids Oath of the Horatii (1784, Figure 8). It shows the conflict that comes about between Rome and Alba. According to the story the leaders of the warring Rome and Alba decided to settle their conflicts not as nation fighting nation, but as brothers fighting brothers. Rome chose three representatives, the Horatii brothers, while Alba chose their three representatives the Curatii brothers. The drama of the battle was heightened by the fact that there were other familial connections involved as well. Camilla, the sister of a Horatii was also engaged to one of the Curatii brothers, and Sabina, the wife of the youngest Horatii was the sister of a Curatii brother. The battle would continue until only one Horatii brother was left standing. Victoriously returning to Rome he was cursed by his sister Camilla who was mourning the loss of her fiancÃÆ' ©. This enraged the Horatii brother as his own sister was more concerned about her fiancÃÆ' © than her country and he killed her because of her sadness. Nevertheless, this scene of the Horatii brother killing his sister while the lictors come to arrest him is the initial scene David was asked to paint. This story was not new to David however, as he had been thinking about it for some time before the commission. 1 David would accept the commission nevertheless, and be able to return back to Rome as he believed it was essential to ensuring the accuracy of the painting was perfect. David would perform many sketches before completing the final product. In one of Davids earlier sketch The Death of Camilla (1783, Figure 9), he depicts a scene in which Hectors (the victorious Horatii brother) father, Horace, defends his actions of killing his sister Camilla as a group of lictors come to arrest him. The fathers right hand is extended outward towards the lictors in defense of his son. His other hand is simply placed around Hectors shoulder. Hector has a wider stance with his hand placed on his hip and elbow out, resembling an akimbo stance, while his right hand is clenched tight against his body armored as if he just returned from battle. 12 Hector, Camilla, Sabina, and Horace are all etched completely while the crowd ascending the stairs is lightly sketched. This helps draw the viewers attention more to the main figures and less to the unimportant crowd. 13 Due to his stay in Rome, David was able to accomplish this overall effect by the use of contour. Young Mother Sewing (Reaction About Painting) EssayThis is characteristic of Davids licked finished which is visible in the Oath of the Horatii. Davids student Anne Louis Girodet also clearly was able to create this licked finish. At this time Girodets portraits were in great demand, convincingly rendering the various textures of fur, velvet, lace and flash as can be seen in his Madame Jacques-Louis Etienne Reizet (1823). This painting (Figure 15) demonstrates all of the above qualities and has successfully hidden any signs of brushstroke. The Adams brothers were also extremely influenced by Davids work and Robert Adam was even a student of David. Robert Adam was largely famous in Britain but also all of Europe for his rich and extravagant interior designs that he placed in the homes of the rich. One of his most famous was that of the Etruscan Dressing Room (1775-76, Figure 16) in the Osterley Park House which actually had little Etruscan art and instead more inspiration from Greek and Roman architecture as well as Renaissance and classical arts. 24 This influence came from that of David. Nevertheless, from Davids student it can be easily seen that David did not only just influence the painting world but also that of sculpture and design. In other words, David was influencing not only art but French culture in general. Many of his students would stick to their artistic style they learned and use this for their entire career. One point that can be clearly made from all of this nevertheless is that David has a major influence on other neoclassical artists of the time and that much of this influence came from his painting of Oath of the Horatii. Dorothy Johnsons book Jacques-Louis David: New Perspectives has many good interpretations of Oath of the Horatii. In the book she states that The Oath was a revolutionary call to a physical (and concomitant moral) regeneration and perfectibility of the self  . 25 Based on this line a connection can be made as to why the oath could be responsible for prerevolutionary radical ideas. In opposition to this the English historian Fred Haskell argued that no critic or viewer actually paid attention to the subject matter present in the painting. He thought there were two other important aspects to consider. 26 First, the excessive uniformity of form and color and secondly, the ignorance of Davids composition as he places the characters into three distinctive areas. Both of these statements above show the attention that Oath of the Horatii brought to the art world as it was viewed differently by different groups of people. One idea can be confirmed despite all of the mixed feelings of Oath of the Horatii. It evoked two different types of feelings between the upper and lower classes. To the upper class Oath of the Horatii showed loyalty to the crown, nation, and king of France. It represented men willing to fight for the greater good of their country and who were respectful to their king Louis XVI. However, the lower class viewed this entirely different as they saw this as a call to stand up and fight for what they believe in, against a powerful monarchy and king who are not for the people. They saw it as their hope to fight for a cause that they strongly believed in. This view by the lower class is what would ultimately lead to revolution in France. Overall, the best support for this piece being revolutionary is that it was presented at the right time. At the time this work was displayed in the Salon of 1785 in the Louvre, France was undergoing financial crisis and famine. France, having helped America gain its independence from Britain, had stretched its financial portfolio too far and by doing so had to impose higher taxes on the people in order to avoid bankruptcy. Over 60,000 people came to see Oath of the Horatii at the salon despite the hardship induced by the monarchys taxes. The subject of the painting was about a Roman country in a crisis; a situation relatable to the French. This connection creates a situation for the French people to put themselves in place of the Romans. In the context of this piece the French were willing to fight and sacrifice their lives for the good of their country. One point to consider when thinking about the revolutionary aspects of the painting is Davids use of color as symbolizing certain emotions. The color that is the most prominent in the work is the red cloak of the father which symbolizes passion, love, and violence. 7 It is not difficult to read this as a political painting calling for the French people to take a stand against their government. A comment the art historian Beth Harris makes on the inclusion of women in the painting by David is that they are the direct contrast to the men in the painting not only in pose and posture but in emotion and tone. 28 They are much more wrapped up in personal issues than the bi gger picture of Rome. This could be synonymous with the nobility in France at the time, who were exempt from taxes and more concerned with political issues than with France as a whole. This implies further that the Horatii brothers taking the oath is in essence a call for the French people to rally together and fight for a better France, one in which they will be equally represented. Oath of the Horatii was a work that received much attention initially when David completed the painting. It can thus be confirmed that no matter what your view is on the Oath, it was certainly a controversial piece. Davids training in Rome after winning the Prix-de-Rome was definitely influential in his painting style and the effects of this can be seen in the completed painting. His opposition to the scene he was originally commissioned to paint can be interpreted in multiple ways, by difference in artistic taste or by his revolutionary zeal, although the latter seems like a more convincing argument. The preliminary sketches that David completed help to show the importance of this piece to David as he wanted to ensure the message was clear and the subject matter relatable. Davids goal seem to be that not only did he want to create a historical piece, to be viewed more favorably by the academy, but that he wanted to create a work that evoked change in a much conflicted France. David felt the hardship of the taxes by the monarchy just as many others did and wanted to have an active voice in the call for a change in France. Whether Davids call was strictly for revolution or more simply for reform is difficult for interpret. Nevertheless, it is clear that he wanted change. The popular reception of this painting made it Davids most famous work. It is clear that David was trying to not only make something revolutionary, but to also create something relative to classical antiquity. This not only pleased the people of the nation, but also the artists of the academy. This dynamic effect that was caused by Oath of the Horatii elevated David to be the most famous and well respected neoclassical artist of the day. It was clear that he had found an excellent way to incorporate classical subject matter into an event relative to the current French citizens. In the forthcoming years David would continue his involvement in the Revolution and in that of propaganda painting as this seem to be a skill that David had mastered. He would continue to paint for Napoleon Bonaparte and help to represent him as not only ambitious but as a ruler who is concerned with the French people. However, we know from history that Napoleon would ultimately fail at bringing about reform for the lower and middle classes. Jacques Louis David, nevertheless, was undoubtedly the best artists in the latter part of the 18th century and proved to many just the effect an artist could have not only on the art world in which he was living but also in the political realm in which he would attempt to change. Bibliography: Cavindish, Richard. The Battle of the Milvian Bridge. History Today. Burlington House, 10 Oct. 2012. Web. 07 Oct. 2013. http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/battle-milvian-bridge. Chu, Petra Ten-Doesschate. Nineteenth-century European Art. 3rd ed. New York: Abrams, 2003. Print. Faroult, Guillaume, Christophe Leribault, Guilhem Scherf, Edgar Peters. Bowron, and Helga Kessler-Aurisch. Antiquity Revived: Neoclassical Art in the Eighteenth Century. Paris, France: Gallimard, 2011. Print. Gallitz, Kathryn. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Legacy of Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, n.d. Web. 02 Nov. 2013. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jldv/hd_jldv.htm. Gardner, Helen, and Fred S. Kleiner. Gardners Art through the Ages: A Global History. 13th ed. Vol. 1. Australia: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2013. Print. Gutwirth, Madelyn. Corneilles Horace and Davids Oath of the Horatii: A Chapter in the Politics of Gender in Art. New York: Peter Lang, 2011. Print. Harris, Beth, and Steven Zucker. Davids Oath of the Horatii. Smarthistory. Khan Academy, 22 Jan. 2010. Web. 01 Nov. 2013. http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/david-oath-of-the-horatii.html. Johnson, Dorothy. Jacques-Louis David: New Perspectives. Newark: University of Delaware, 2006. Print. Labedzki, Annette. His Most Famous Painting (Oath of the Horatii) Jacques-Louis David. Ezine Articles, 2 Feb. 2000. Web. 01 Nov. 2013. http://ezinearticles.com/?His-Most-Famous-Painting-(Oath-of-the-Horatii)Jacques-Louis-Davidid=2697356. Law, Mark. Caravaggism (c.1600-50).Characteristics of Caravaggios Tenebrism, Chiaroscuro. Christian Fine Art, Oct. 1999. Web. 01 Nov. 2013. http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/caravaggism.htm. Smith, Anthony D. The Cultural Foundations of Nations: Hierarchy, Covenant and Republic. Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell Pub., 2008. Print. Smyth, Carolyn. Correggios Frescoes in Parma Cathedral. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1997. Print. Roberts, Warren. Jacques-Louis David and Jean-Louis Prieur, Revolutionary Artists: The Public, the Populace, and Images of the French Revolution. Albany: State University of New York, 2000. Print.

There Is A Lot To Say About The Battle Of Gettysburg. Many People Wond

There is a lot to say about the Battle of Gettysburg. Many people wonder why this battle out of all others during the war was so great. Many questions were asked. Such as, what did they do for supplies? How did they live? What was the typical military strategy? I will also answer many other questions to in this essay. It's really hard to believe the things I saw during the movie. It just makes wonder how stupid the government was to even think about starting a Civil War. Millions and millions of men died in this war. For what? Honor? I certainly think they did not die honorably, but just went out there and got slaughtered. Although many people say that the Union and Confederate armies fought because of the importance of Gettysburg; the thing is that it was just a small town back then. Gettysburg was chosen because it was "good ground". The Confederate army was passing through to go further north and invade the Union territory. The Union army was having the same idea about the south. Good ground was high terrain surrounded by trees. The role geography played in the war was that the army who was placed on the good ground would have a better position on the opposing forces. The officers and soldiers had different lifestyles during the war. The generals would be in cabins or log houses with plenty of supplies. The rest of the army had lived in tents with supplies, but not as much as the generals. So basically the higher your rank, the better you r living conditions were. Although living conditions were different, the strategy was similar. Many times the Union army had to play defensively. The development of trench warfare began. If supplies or ammo got too low, sometimes they would charge and attack the Southerners, like Colonel Chamberlain did when he was defending the line. The Confederate army under the command of General Lee would march all the way to the gate and try to capture it. When in combat, both sides had the same kind of artillery. Soldiers used muskets and small handguns and generals on the other hand would ride on horseback with a sword and pistol. Another type of weaponry that was used were cannons. Even though cannons were much more powerful, muskets were easier due to the fact that they were portable and fired rounds quicker. Treatment during the Civil War was very limited. If your ligaments such as an arm or a leg were shot or wounded it would have to amputate it off. That was the only thing that they could do because like I said medical treatment was very limited. If you had gotten shot anywhere else, there was nothing could be done and it would be only a matter of time before you died. What were the South and North fighting for? Many people asked that question. The North was fighting because they were trying to maintain the Union. The South was fighting for state rights. If you look at it they were both fighting for freedom. So both of their motives for fighting the same reason. Gettysburg may have been a small town, but it played a large part in the Civil War. I think what made Gettysburg one the biggest battles of the Civil War was the fact that so many people lost their lives and that was the deciding battle where the North won the war. In my personal I think that the whole Civil War was stupid and there was no reason it should have taken place. It was nothing but a massacre of millions of men. Gettysburg was perfect example of this. Like I said before these men died for honor, but getting massacred doesn't seem honorable to me, just like Gettysburg and the Civil War.